Handbook of Texas Online, They were advised not to take off the arm band, since Mexican troops were hunting for those few who had escaped from Coleto, Victoria, and the massacre itself. Fannin may have hoped, and even expected, that his men would be treated as prisoners of war and given clemency. I saw nothing more. Fannin also believed that by occupying Goliad, he could prevent Mexican commander Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna from drawing supplies from the Gulf of Mexico, but Fannin was called to assist Colonel William Travis at the Alamo. Amon B. [28] Their charred remains were left in the open, unburied, and exposed to vultures and coyotes. It features an art deco relief sculpture and the names of the men who were killed.[32]. Determined to punish the rebellious Texans, whom he viewed as pirates who deserved to be executed, Santa Anna mounted a campaign to demonstrate his power by exacting the same kind of retribution upon them that he had visited upon Zacatecas.In command of an army that would eventually grow to perhaps more than 7,000 troops, he began a march . At sunrise on Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, the unwounded Texans were formed into three groups under heavy guard commanded by Capt. We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. This made the Texans angry and led to th Battle of San Jacinto. A thick cloud of smoke was wreathing toward the San Antonio River. [3] The following month, Texians declared themselves part of a state independent from Coahuila and created a provisional state government based on the principles of the Constitution of 1824. Forty Texians were unable to walk. Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla, under orders from General and President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. This article does not contain any citations or references. Hawkins, who was in her 20s at the time, escaped the violence with her siblings and moved to Pasco County . Goliad massacre Connected to: {{::readMoreArticle.title}} From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia {{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}} This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by contributors (read/edit). As bad as it was, that number would have been higher were it not for, as fate would have it, the wife of a Mexican officer. The sound of a second volley, from a different direction than the first just then reached our ears, and was followed by a confused cry, as if those at whom it had been aimed, had not all immediately been killed. It would be entirely consistent with British actions throughout the world in the 19th Century where adventurers operated with at least the tacit support of the British government in pursuing this scheme or that. Goliad Massacre, His literary contributions, including Early Times in Texas, were said to have inspired the famous short story writer (and one-time GLO employee) O. Henry. The Goliad Campaign was the 1836 Mexican offensive to retake the Texas Gulf Coast during the Texas Revolution. Many were killed or captured. [20] The soldiers took his belongings, shot him in the face, and burned his body along with those of the other Texians killed that day. The name of Goliad was etched in Texas' collective memory, however, through a single eventthe now-disputed Goliad Massacre. In some accounts of the Goliad Massacre, a Mexican woman, Francisca (Francita, Panchita or Pancheta) Alavez, sometimes referred to by other names (Alvarez or Alavesco), rescued about 20 Texian soldiers and became known as "The Angel of Goliad. Within his journal, John recounts adventures involving fellow Goliad survivors, a Mexican lion, Indians, rattlesnakes, and much more before he was able to reach civilization around May 4, 1836.[8]. Not until the morning of March 19 did Fannin finally begin his retreat from Goliad. [1] Meanwhile, General Sam Houston had persuaded all but 70 to 100 men and their leaders, Frank W. Johnson and James Grant, to give up on the expedition and to defend locations in Texas, principally Goliad. The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, . The Apache tribes disliked the Mexicans so, that when the United States went to war against Mexico, the Apache promised to provide them with safe passage through their lands. Surviving Goliad the Story of John C. Duval | by Texas General Land Office | Save Texas History | Medium 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. SAN ANTONIO John Willingham long has been fascinated with the horrific "Goliad Massacre," which came three weeks after the 1836 Battle of the Alamo and further riled the Texans in their . [14] The Texians had traveled only six miles (10km) from their fort when, on March 19, the Mexican army engaged the Texians on an open prairie. https://www.tshaonline.org, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goliad-massacre, By: Mexican troops under the command of General Jos de Urrea defeated rebellious immigrants to the Mexican province of Texas, known as Texians, in a series of clashes in February and March. Her early obsessions included Vikings, the Tudors and the Statue of Liberty. Fannin's men wounded in the Battle of Coleto were shot or bayoneted where they lay, inside the presidio. This order was received on March 26 by Col. Jos Nicols de la Portilla, whom Urrea had left at Goliad. All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Mexican forces under General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna continued to sweep across Texas toward Fort Defiance, the presidio in Goliad that had been seized by the rebels in October 1835 at the onset of the war for independence. The impact of the Goliad Massacre was crucial. Gammel & Co., 1892; Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1986), XV. Fannin, who could not have done much else-Urrea had received reinforcements and artillery that would have devastated the Texan position in an open prairie on ground lower than the Mexican lines-accepted Urrea's proposals but did not inform his men of the conditional nature of these terms. Urreas advance riders had already spotted the Texan defenses, and the main army was just hours behind. [They were] to be liberated on parole, and that arrangements had been made to send [them] to New Orleans on board of vessels then at Copano.[6] Duval joined the division that was marched northwest along the road leading to San Antonio. Upon hearing heavy firing of musketry in the directions taken by the other two divisions, [one of the men] exclaimed Boys! About 26 men were retained at Victoria as laborers, but 55 of the prisoners were marched into Goliad, on March 25. About 26 men were retained at Victoria as laborers, but 55 of the prisoners were marched into Goliad on March 25. Fannin's men had agreed upon and reduced to writing the terms upon which they proposed to capitulate. Fannin's men delivered up their arms, and some 230 or 240 uninjured or slightly wounded men were marched back to Goliad and imprisoned in the chapel of Nuestra Seora de Loreto Presidio at La Baha, the fort they had previously occupied (see FORT DEFIANCE). After the executions the bodies were burned, the remains left exposed to weather, vultures, and coyotes, until June 3, 1836, when Gen. Thomas J. Rusk, who had established his headquarters at Victoria after San Jacinto and was passing through Goliad in pursuit of Gen. Vicente Filisola's retreating army, gathered the remains and buried them with military honors. Those not killed were pursued and slaughtered by gunfire, bayonet, or lance. [2] In November 1835, John C. Duval volunteered for a company organized in Kentucky by his brother, Burr H. Duval, with the plan to go to fight in Texas. Fannin's men possessed, besides their rifles, 500 spare muskets and nine brass cannons and, if told that it would mean death to surrender, could sell their lives at fearful cost and might cut their way through Urrea's lines. Urrea wrote to Santa Anna to ask for clemency for the Texians. The immediate advance of the enemy may be confidently expected, Houston warned Fannin. In eight days, home and liberty!". Texas: Graphic Ideas. In February 1836 Fannin and his garrison occupied PresidioLa Baha. They were later marched to Matamoros. His solution was tested after November 15, 1835, when Gen. Jos Antonio Mexa attacked Tampico with three companies enlisted at New Orleans. The guard, which was to serve also as a firing squad, included the battalions of Tres Villas and Yucatn, dismounted cavalry, and pickets from the Cuautla, Tampico, and Durango regiments. [1] When dawn broke, however, so did the realization that the arrival of Mexican reinforcements during the night had made their situation hopeless. But when he wrote this seemingly humane order, Urrea well knew that Portilla would not be able to comply with it, for on March 25, after receiving Santa Anna's letter, Urrea had ordered reinforcements that would have resulted in too large a diminution of the garrison for the prisoners to be employed on public works. [15] After several hours of fighting, the Mexicans had suffered an estimated 200 casualties and the Texians nine killed and about sixty wounded. Mexican Leader Jose de Incidentally, Jack County, Texas, was named in honor of William Houston Jack and his brother Patrick. Upon his death in 1897 at the age of 81, Duval was the last living survivor of the Goliad Massacre.[10]. accessed January 19, 2023, This may have been correct. After Santa Anna learned that a force of Texas rebels was heading toward Matamoros, he sent General Urrea to march north along the coast of Texas to stop them. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. Take time to visit the museum and wander the grounds where so much blood was spilled. While Texans were fighting the final battle for their independence on April 21, 1836, a survivor of the Goliad Massacre was spending his 21st day on the run. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Fannin ordered the bulk of his army to retreat from Goliad on March 19, in the hopes of joining the forces of General Sam Houston. Urrea marched the Texians back to Fort Defiance, where they were held under guard. Shannon always knew she would write novels, but the need to make a living and raise a family came first. Hermann Ehrenberg, Texas und Seine Revolution (Leipzig: Wigand, 1843; abridged trans. Background and events. The slaughter of Colonel James W. Fannins troops in the Goliad Massacre, perpetrated three weeks after the fall of the Alamo, resulted in the single largest loss of life for the Texians during the Texas Revolution. Goliad. Please improve this article by adding a reference. Another written account can be found in Early Times in Texas (serial form, 186871; book, 1892) by John Crittenden Duval. At around 8 a.m. on Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Colonel Portilla had the able bodied of 342 Texians marched out of Fort Defiance into three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road. Back at the presidio, the Mexicans executed the wounded against the chapel wall and even shot them in their makeshift beds. 342 men were executed at Goliad. Fannin was the last to be executed, after seeing his men killed. This volume is the most complete resource of reliable firsthand accounts of massacre survivors. Urrea, according to his contemporary Reuben M. Potter, "was not blood thirsty and when not overruled by orders of a superior, or stirred by irritation, was disposed to treat prisoners with lenity." Santa Anna responds: the Alamo and the Goliad Massacre. Fighting was halted that day at dark. Although not as famous as the Battle of the Alamo, the execution of Fannin's troops at Goliad crystallized public opinion in the United States and contributed to a war frenzy against Mexico. In 1936, in celebration of the Texas Centennial, money was appropriated to build a massive pink granite monument, dedicated on June 4, 1938. Jakie L. Pruett and Everett B. Cole, Goliad Massacre: A Tragedy of the Texas Revolution (Austin: Eakin Press, 1985). [9] 640-acre Donation certificates were issued for participating in any one of the following engagements: the Siege of Bexar, the Battle of the Alamo, the Goliad Massacre, and the Battle of San Jacinto. King and his men had infuriated their enemies by burning local ranchos and shooting eight Mexicans seated around a campfire, and these enemies were clamoring for vengeance. John J. Linn, Reminiscences of Fifty Years in Texas (New York: Sadlier, 1883; 2d ed., Austin: Steck, 1935; rpt., Austin: State House, 1986). Antonio Ramrez, and first adjutant Agustn Alcrrica (a colonel in the Tres Villas Battalion in April 1836). After wandering on the coastal prairie for several days, the Georgia Battalion reached Victoria, only to find it in the possession of the Mexican army. Urrea, however, urged his commander to be lenient. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, Goliad Massacre, Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02), accessed June 10, 2013. For that matter, our own government did it quite a bit in Central and South A. When Mexico transitioned to a centralized government in 1835, supporters of federalism took up arms. [citation needed], On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward) surrendered after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. The Goliad Massacre, also referred to as The Goliad Execution, was the brutal shooting of Texas soldiers by Mexican forces. [13][18], The next day, Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Portilla had between 425 and 445 Texians marched from Fort Defiance in three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road, between two rows of Mexican soldiers; they were shot point blank. [2], On February 27, 1836, Urrea's advance patrol surprised Frank W. Johnson and about 34 men, initiating the Battle of San Patricio, where they killed about 10 and took 18 prisoners. Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna et al., The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution, trans. Six Texians escaped, five were recaptured and marched to Goliad. 350 injured or missing, This page was last edited on 4 March 2022, at 08:20. Fannin hoped to retreat to Victoria, but he hesitated for several days. He ordered the immediate execution of the perfidious foreigners and dispatched an aide to Goliad to ensure that Lieutenant Colonel Jose Nicolas de la Portilla, who had been left in charge at Goliad while Urrea continued his march through southern Texas, carried out his brutal directive. It was, on the whole, that in shooting these prisoners, Mexico was acting within its rights. [11] The Texians were less than one mile (1.6km) from the safety of the tree line of Coleto Creek. [8] Fannin had chosen to keep his troops at Goliad mainly because it had a fort, from which he believed it would be easier to fight than out in the open. By the time the colonel ordered the retreat, it was too late. As he prepared to subdue the Texas colonists Santa Anna was chiefly concerned with the help they expected from the United States. [3] Six Texians were taken prisoners and were marched to prison in Matamoros. One company, badly led, broke ranks at the beginning of Mexa's action, and half its number, together with wounded men from other companies, were captured by Santa Anna's forces the next day. The men were marched instead to Matamoros after the battle of San Jacinto. He also had a similar order sent directly to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad". Wounded survivors were clubbed and knifed to death. Surrounded on all sides and heavily outnumbered, Colonel Fannin surrendered, and terms of the capitulation were agreed upon near Coleto Creek. The dead are suspected illegal immigrants from Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico, according to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. by Charlotte Churchill, With Milam and Fannin, Austin: Pemberton Press, 1968). Among those killed were commanders Colonel James Fannin (of the Coleto battle) and Lieutenant Colonel William Ward (of the Refugio battle). [10] Jay A. Stout, Massacre at Goliad, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008, p. 212. Explore the restored Mission Espritu Santo and surrounding grounds. [16] Fannin was unaware General Santa Anna had decreed execution for all rebels. bw. From two groups shot on the river roads, those not instantly killed fled to the woods along the stream, and twenty-four managed to escape. Worauf Sie als Kunde bei der Auswahl der Nici qid achten sollten. This was the massacre at Goliad. Davenport presented the address, which was published as "The Men of Goliad" in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly (1939). Jack Shackelford, commander of the Red Rovers under James W. Fannin at Goliad, was a survivor and chronicler of the battle of Coleto and the Goliad Massacre. The battle and execution, popularly (and controversially) referred to as the "Goliad Massacre," have been recreated each March by costumed members of the Crossroads of Texas Living History. [12] Led to believe that they would be paroled and released into the United States, they were returned to the fort at Goliad, now their prison. When the Mexican general reported to Santa Anna that he was holding the San Patricio prisoners, Santa Anna ordered Urrea to comply with the decree of December 30. (1970). Unsere Bestenliste Jan/2023 Detaillierter Produktratgeber TOP Grey goos vodka Aktuelle Angebote Vergleichssieger Direkt weiterlesen. Two physicians, Joseph H. Barnard and John Shackelford, were taken to San Antonio to treat Mexican wounded from the battle of the Alamo; they later escaped. In recent years, the massacre that took place at Presidio La Bahia on March 27, 1836 has been twisted into a politically correct "lawful execution" by some groups. Goliad Map. It addresses the issue of whether the men murdered . King's company, the others "one by one" (see REFUGIO, BATTLE OF). The set of casualties included commander James Fannin. Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla under orders of the President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. With hostilities temporarily suspended, Frank W. Johnson and James Grant gathered volunteers for a planned invasion of the Mexican port town of Matamoros. Thirty-nine were killed inside the fort under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one, . One survivor of the massacre, a young German named H. Von Ehrenberg, wrote an account of the murders on December 3, 1853. "The Mexican Side of the Texas Revolution". Ehrenberg: Goliad Survivor, Old West Explorer: A Biography by Natalie Ornish,, Herman Ehrenberg Print length 403 pages Language English Publisher Texas Heritage Pr Publication date January 1, 1997 Dimensions 6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches ISBN-10 0962075515 ISBN-13 978-0962075513 See all details Books with Buzz The entire Texian force was killed, except for 28 men who feigned death and escaped. When one of their carts fell into the San Antonio River, the colonel told his men to halt and retrieve it. [29] However, the Mexicans would receive overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. When the Texans finally resumed their march in the afternoon, they quickly encountered the Mexican forces. A detachment of American and Texan troops under Colonel James Fannin surrendered to a larger Mexican force under General Jos Urrea. For information about how to add references, see Template:Citation. The gist of these was that Fannin and his men, including his officers and the wounded, should be treated as prisoners of war according to the usages of civilized nations and, as soon as possible, paroled and returned to the United States. On March 6, the Mexican force under Santa Anna stormed the Alamo and killed the garrison. Houston ordered Colonel James W. Fannin to evacuate his 400-man force from Goliad and retreat to Victoria, a town 30 miles to the east behind the natural defense of the Guadalupe River. [4] He recruited about 200 Tejano volunteers from the area, including some previously sympathetic to the Texians, to join him. Her father was a history teacher, so she grew up immersed in history books and spent her holidays tramping around battlefields, graveyards and museums. Read More. In Goliad. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS (/kltn/; 15 February 1874 - 5 January 1922) was a polar explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic, and one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. You will also note that the name Fannin seems to be misspelled in both inscriptions. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. [17] He also had a similar order sent directly to the "Officer Commanding the Post of Goliad". Morales has long put her heart into the community that raised her. Twenty year old John Crittenden Duval and his older brother Burr were members of the large Kentucky contingent that answered the Texans' appeal in the early stage of the Revolution. Because of the intervention of Francita Alavez (known as the "Angel of Goliad"), 20 more men, including Shackelford,[20] were spared to act as doctors, interpreters, or workers. Under a decree passed by the Mexican Congress on December 30 of the previous year, armed foreigners taken in combat were to be treated as pirates and executed. Joseph E. Field, Three Years in Texas (Greenfield and Boston, Massachusetts, 1836; rpt., Austin: Steck, 1935). [9] On March 14, Colonel William Ward and 200 men, who had been sent to help Captain Amon B. [citation needed] After the executions, the Texians' bodies were piled and burned. [2] As part of his preparations for marching on Texas, in late December 1835 Santa . Unbeknownst to the Texians, on February 18 Urrea led a large contingent of troops from Matamoros into Texas to neutralize the rebels gathered along the coast. [27] Spared men were given white arm bands and, while wearing them, could walk about freely. Shackelford, Jack (1790-1857). On March 14, Ward defended his position at the Refugio Mission, while King's men fought from a stand of trees. Texas lost many volunteers during its hard-won fight for independence from Mexico, but one harrowing episode stands out. John C. Duval was college-educated, and descended from a distinguished family his father served as the first U.S. territorial governor of Florida, and his family had ties going back to George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. The Mexican guards opened fire. Thirty-three Americans were captured in the course of the fighting at Nuestra Seora del Refugio Mission, half of them with Capt. The Mexicans received overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. Urrea detained about twenty of Ward's men to build boats at Guadalupe Victoria, and Seora Alavez intervened with her husband, Col. Telesforo Alavez, whom Urrea left in charge of this village, to spare their lives as well; they afterward escaped. He was captured at Goliad; however, his life was spared so that he could treat the wounded Mexicans there and at San Antonio. [5] Johnson's news persuaded Fannin to abandon any further attempt to send relief to the Alamo or to try to secure badly needed supplies waiting at Matagorda; he prepared the Presidio La Baha at Goliad for defense against the advancing Mexican Army. [citation needed], The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion had been captured on the 20th and marched in on the 23rd. On March 22 William Ward, who with Amon B. A decree issued by Santa Anna in December 1835 ordered that all foreigners fighting against the government would be treated as pirates and executed. Though not as salient as the battle of the Alamo, the massacre immeasurably garnered support for the cause against Mexico both within Texas and in the United States, thus contributing greatly to the Texan victory at the battle of San Jacinto and sustaining the independence of the Republic of Texas. The killing Until this episode Santa Anna's reputation had been that of a cunning and crafty man, rather than a cruel one. The Presidio has been restored and is more complete than the Alamo. His three dying wishes were to be shot in the chest, given a Christian burial and have his watch sent to his family. Fannin could have probably cut his way to safety, but he refused to abandon the wounded. Following a one-sided battle on the prairie near Coleto Creek, 250 mostly American prisoners were marched back to the presidio at Goliad where they were joined by more than 200 others. Once the columns reached their selected location, the Mexican soldados formed into two ranks on one side of the captives. See also List of massacres in the United States The injured Fannin was the last to be slaughtered. He recalled that on the morning of March 27, 1836, a Mexican officer told the men to get ready for a march. [1][5], The next day, Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Colonel Portilla had the 303 Texians marched out of Fort Defiance into three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road, between two rows of Mexican soldiers; they were shot point-blank, and any survivors were clubbed and knifed to death. In 1930 some Goliad Boy Scouts found charred bone fragments that had been unearthed over the years by animals, and an excursion to the site by Goliad residents on New Year's Day, 1932, succeeded in attracting an investigation of the site by University of Texas anthropologist J. E. Pearce. Colonel Fannin was the last to be executed, after seeing his men butchered. The exact fate of others captured at Refugio is not known. He received land certificates for his service, including a 640-acre Donation specifically for his service under Fannin at Goliad, and a 1,280-acre Bounty for the full term of his enlistment. In the fall of 1835 the Texans had made the first Declaration of Independence. He served with Bigfoot Wallace and Jack Hays in the Texas Rangers and was a veteran of the Mexican-American War and the Civil War. Had Fannin's and Miller's men been dumped on the wharves at New Orleans penniless, homesick, humiliated, and distressed, and each with his separate tale of Texas mismanagement and incompetence, Texas prestige in the United States would most likely have fallen, along with sources of help. With cannons stationed at each corner of the square, the Texans held firm. Urrea's force killed 16 men and took 24 prisoners. Oct. 28, 1886 A Survivor of the Goliad Massacre; Participant in the Vasquez Campaign in 1842; Senator in the Eighth Congress of the Republic Erected by the State of Texas. Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force, they were chased off and escaped, however 18 of the group were captured and marched back to Goliad. Later in 1883 while living in El Paso County, he applied for and received an additional donation as a surviving veteran of the Texas Revolution. About a mile outside Goliad, Presidio La Bahia attracts both history buffs and ghost hunters, all drawn to the scene of the Goliad Massacre. He asked for his personal possessions to be sent to his family, to be shot in his heart and not his face, and that he be given a Christian burial. [7][8] At selected spots on each of the three roads, from half to three-fourths of a mile from the presidio, the three groups were halted. Among these was Herman Ehrenberg, who later wrote an account of the massacre. Santa Anna, however, had no desire for such mercy. The death toll would have been even higher if not for a Mexican woman known as the Angel of Goliad who convinced a Mexican colonel to spare the lives of approximately 20 doctors, orderlies and interpreters. On March 12, they encountered a group of Texian soldiers, under the command of William Ward at Refugio. The town was the site of the Battle of Goliad in October 1835 and the Goliad Massacre in March 1836. Things to Do Massacre: The Goliad Witnesses Hardcover - June 13, 2014 by Michelle M. Haas (Compiler) 2 ratings Hardcover $44.95 3 Used from $58.13 11 New from $44.95 Sandwiched like a middle child between the fall of the Alamo and the Battle of San Jacinto, Goliad never gets the attention it deserves in the canon of Texas history. This galvanized Texians and led to victory in their war for independence. [3] The company, known as the Mustangs, came under the command of Colonel James W. Fannin once they arrived in Texas. Santa Anna's Mexican army killed virtually all of the roughly 200 Texans (or Texians) defending the Alamo, including their leaders, Colonels William B. Travis and James Bowie, and the legendary. Four weeks elapsed between their capture and their execution, enabling Santa Anna to gauge in advance the reaction of New Orleans to their fate. Those who survived the initial volley were run down by the Mexican cavalry. He said the Texan prisoners and American volunteers numbered about 400, while the Mexican captors totaled 700, in addition to cavalry and smaller groups of Mexican soldiers he saw gathered on the prairie. . Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
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