[36] Traces of glaciation also exist at Cerros de Saltar. [38], Lascar is located in the main volcanic arc, on the western margin of the Altiplano. [35], About 30% of these flows were formed by ash and 70% by blocks,[174] with larger fragments accumulating on the margins of each flow deposit. [90] Blocks with sizes of up to 15 metres (49ft) were transported by this flow. It is composed of two separate cones with several summit craters. Grey pumice deposits from the 1993 eruption are visible in the photo above, and the margins of some pyroclastic flows can be seen at right center. The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics: specifically the movement, collision and destruction of lithospheric plates (e.g. The importance of the multidisciplinary approach. [190], There is a pronounced morphology characterized by a channel upslope and snout-like toes downslope. [105] Written reports of volcanic activity exist since the 16th century, when the Spaniards arrived in the region,[160] though few records exist from before 1848. These ignimbrites form a 3 steep slope in the area. [145] The ignimbrite features three facies, one rich in breccia, another rich in pumice, and a normal ignimbrite. In South America, a safety warning was issued by Chilean officials after the Lascar volcano erupted a giant cloud of smoke comprising of volcanic ash and hot gases up to twenty thousand feet into the sky on Saturday. [34] In the centre of the westernmost crater lies a smaller crater, 250 metres (820ft) deep and 300 metres (980ft) wide. Today the volcanic complex consists of the dormant western edifice and the active eastern edifice, the latter comprising three overlapping craters. [56] The eruption released about 400,000 tonnes (390,000 long tons; 440,000 short tons) of sulfur dioxide, about half the quantity released by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens,[207] and was sufficient to cause a noticeable increase in atmospheric opacity. The equilibrium line at Lascar was at an altitude of 4,7004,800 metres (15,40015,700ft) during the last glacial maximum. [35] Flows from the first stage of Lascar's activity are exposed at its western foot,[54] while lava flows are buried beneath pyroclastic material on the eastern flank. Lascar volcano Tyra Watts Embed this Flow Large Medium Small Copy Flow URL: https://flowvella.com/s/9hr/Lascar-volcano Volcano: Lascar Country: Chile City: Toconao Continent: South America Presentation By: Kimberly Lema, Jennifer Contreras and Tyra Watts [152], The previous volcanic edifice was destroyed by this eruption,[90] which may have formed a caldera. [43] The Pampa Chamaca and Tuyajto ignimbrites are somewhat younger, 2.62.2 million and less than 1 million years respectively. 287 (2014) 5167]", "First geochemical survey of fumarolic gases from Lascar volcano (Central Andes, Chile)", "Linking magmatic processes and magma chemistry during the post-glacial to recent explosive eruptions of Ubinas volcano (southern Peru)", Peligros volcnicos de la Zona Norte de Chile, "Sistema Nacional de Proteccion Civil Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Volcan Popocatepetl Estudios Realizados Durante La Crisis de 1994-1995 Comite Cientifico Asesor Cenapred-Unam", "Satellite images uncertainty: eruption or resuspension? [68] Traces of glacial action are found on the older parts of Lascar at altitudes above 4,600 metres (15,100ft) and include meltwater gorges, striated rock surfaces, and U-shaped valleys. [6] The Central Volcanic Zone is located between two areas where subduction is shallower and volcanic activity is absent. Further, fractures permitting gas passage are obstructed when the magma contracts. The Lascar volcano is located in the Andes and erupted on 10th December . [227], The National Geology and Mining Service of Chile considers Lascar Chile's 14th most dangerous volcano,[237] and in 2020 classified it as a "type I" volcano. [244] Thallium from the volcano is a pollution hazard in the Talabre area. 3. [30] Also fumarolically active are: Sabancaya, El Misti, Ubinas, Tacora, Isluga, Irruputuncu, Olca, Ollague, San Pedro, Putana and Lastarria. [63] The formation of the first cone at Lascar may have been facilitated by the intersection between the Miscanti Line and another eastwest lineament[72] formed by PliocenePleistocene tectonic compression of the region,[73] and the lineament would have worked as an ascent path for magma. The whole volcano did not deform during the eruption sequence. [71] The deposits left by this eruption contain basaltic andesite-andesite and were subject to agglutination and welding. [88] Such tremors may be produced by the movement of liquid materials in the volcano. [8] Chile Route 23 passes about 10 kilometres (6.2mi) west of Lascar. What type of plate boundary is creating lascar volcano? [14], Volcanoes in the Andes occur in four separate regions: the Northern Volcanic Zone between 2N and 5S, the Central Volcanic Zone between 16S and 28S, the Southern Volcanic Zone between 33S and 46S,[15] and the Austral Volcanic Zone, south of the Southern Volcanic Zone. What plate is forming lascar volcano? [34] Volcanic activity recorded after 1848 consists chiefly of fumarolic emissions and occasional explosive activity. At what boundaries do volcanoes form? [152], Later, a new stratovolcano grew over the Soncor vent. In the case of the Andes, the oceanic Nazca Plate and part of the oceanic Antarctic Plate slide towards the continental South American Plate. [34] This lava flow is known as the TumbresTalabre lava flow; its margins are 1040 metres (33131ft) high, and it features a central channel. [32], Lascar is located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile,[31] and is 5,641 metres (18,507ft),[33][3][34] 5,592 metres (18,346ft),[31][21][15][1] or 5,450 metres (17,880ft) high, according to different sources. [58] The craters show evidence that activity has migrated westward. [53] Around 5150 1250 BCE, as obtained by surface exposure dating,[157] the Tumbres-Talabre lava flow was erupted from the eastern crater. [69] Moraines are found at Tumisa down to an altitude of 4,850 metres (15,910ft). The volcanic complex experienced several major, up to VEI 6, pre-historic eruptions but no calderas were formed. The biggest eruption of Lascar in historical time was in 1993 and produced pyroclastic flows, which traveled 8.5 km NW of the summit, and ashfall in Buenos Aires. [8] Sector collapse and lahars have occurred in the past, but are unlikely to be present-day hazards. During minor explosive eruptions, eruption columns reach heights of up to 5,000 metres (16,000ft). These rocks have a composition mainly characterized as "two-pyroxene",[a] but the old Piedras Grandes and Soncor rocks contain hornblende. [40] MioceneQuaternary volcanic centres in the neighbourhood include Cerro Negro in the north, Acamarachi northeast, Tumisa southwest, and the Cordon de Puntas Negras in the south,[41] which Lascar is sometimes considered to be part of. [78] SiO2 concentrations range from 55.5 to 67.8% by weight, and the rocks have medium to large concentrations of potassium. [137] This edifice is the currently active one, with the deepest of its three summit craters being active. [9], Lascar, like El Tatio, is a destination for volcano tourism. [134] These deposits have volumes of 0.1 cubic kilometres (0.024cumi) and probably formed when an explosive eruption took place in a lava lake. [43][49] Cerro Corona gets its name from a crown-shaped structure at its top. [114] Finally, Lascar is vigorous producer of sulfate dust particles,[113] which are released at a rate of about 100,000 trillion particles per second. The chamber may be surrounded by skarnic alteration. [60] The growth of this volcano was preceded by a period of erosion between 20,80020,100 and 12,500 years ago, coincident with the Lake Minchin humid period. [137] The Manquez agglutinate above the Tumbres deposits was formed either by the Tumbres eruption or by a subsequent stage;[60] a pyroclastic cone in the western crater may be associated with this agglutinate. [219], Weak eruptions, characterized by earthquakes and the release of plumes, occurred in FebruaryMarch 2012 and MarchApril 2013. [216][217], An eruption in July 2000 was seen from Chuquicamata, and the noise was audible as far as San Antonio de los Cobres, 160 kilometres (99mi) away. [226] Other eruptions were recorded in November 2006 and July 2007. [228] The last eruption, on 30 October 2015, created a 2,500-metre-high (8,200ft) column of ash that prompted a raise in the local volcano alert level. [53] This volcano was formed by andesite-dacite lava flows (stage III) and scoria. [165] The eruption itself lasted only about five minutes and consisted of two pulses. [197] The deposits and small structures, such as levees and lobes, were conserved by the dry climate in the region. Landforms over this basement include ignimbrites, lava domes, and stratovolcanoes. [180] Ash from this eruption was identified in ice cores from Illimani[200] while sulfates reportedly appeared in ice taken from the Arctic and Antarctica. To the left, in the background, the. [154] This debris avalanche is 50 metres (160ft) thick and 25 kilometres (16mi) long. [227] Measurements made on the southwest rim of the main crater in 20092012 indicated air temperatures of 1020C (5068F). [83] This origin of Lascar magmas is reflected in the textures of rocks. In 1985, a 150-by-150-metre (490ft 490ft) hot spot in this crater was observed in satellite images. [180] Explosive eruptions, accompanied by the formation of eruption columns reaching heights of several kilometres, sometimes leading to ash fall in Jujuy, Argentina, occurred on 27 February 1994; in July 1994, November 1994, and March 1995; and on 10 May, 20 July and 18 October 1996. [66] While the Piedras Grandes flow was formed by a glacier run that transported blocks with sizes of up to 8 metres (26ft), Soncor was formed by a large eruption. Match. [9] Lahar deposits are found in adjacent valleys, suggesting that wetter periods had occurred during Lascar's activity. An eruption event known as Piedras Grandes was followed by the large Soncor eruption. The eruption lasted for two hours and formed a 1011-kilometre-high (6.26.8mi) eruption column. [116] Otherwise, activity between 1993 and 2000 was not accompanied by deformation of the edifice. In this remote territory, where eruptions are poorly recorded, many volcanoes are higher than 6,000 metres (20,000ft). [183] The southern flank flows at first proceeded along a gully before spreading out. [16] These volcanic zones are separated by areas where recent volcanism is absent; one common theory is that the subduction processes responsible for volcanism form a subducting plate that is too shallow to trigger the formation of magma. On the southeastern flank, the pyroclastic flows formed a fan extending several hundred metres into Pampa Leija. Volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries are found all along the Pacific Ocean basin, primarily at the edges of the Pacific, Cocos, and Nazca plates. On 20 February 1990, an eruption column rose 814 kilometres (5.08.7mi) above the crater,[57] resulting in ash fall over 100 kilometres (62mi) away from the volcano. [29] The eruption was also observed by geologists in Toconao,[164] where the explosion was violent enough to wake up people who were sleeping. [129], A monitoring network has been built around the volcano beginning from 2010. A number of other volcanoes are found in the region, such as Aguas Calientes, Cordon de Puntas Negras and the giant La Pacana caldera. [47][158] The Tumbres-Talabre flow was originally considered to be of late-19th-century age. [72] At least four alignments of volcanoes are recognized in the region. [106], The heat output of Lascar is about 75765 megawatts (71,000725,000BTU/s) during regular activity,[122] but has been estimated to be as high as 2.5 gigawatts (2,400,000BTU/s). [144] Pumices are encased in the ignimbrite as lenses and levees and are also found in the terrain above the canyons. Regulatory limits on concentrations of other elements in water were also exceeded, although only temporarily. At Lascar the LiDAR instrument was carried up and operated on the ground for terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). [129] Landsat images taken during this time indicate that a lava lake may have existed in the central crater,[163] generating a plume of volcanic gases and, in September 1986, a vulcanian eruption happened and dropped ash in Salta, Argentina. [224] During the following days, additional explosions generated columns up to 3 kilometres (1.9mi) high, with little ash production. Global Volcanism Network, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. VW is a higher education, k-12, and public outreach project of the Oregon Space Grant Consortium SERNAGEOMIN reported that an eruption at Lscar began at 1236 on 10 December with an explosive event that produced a dense ash plume and pyroclastic flows proximal to the crater. the Pacific . [36] The lavas from stage I are mostly exposed north and west of Lascar. [102], Release rates of SO2 amounted to 27 tonnes per day (0.31kg/s) in 1989,[103] and 28 tonnes per day (0.32kg/s) in 2003. Match. A major eruption occurred at the Lascar Volcano. [142], The Soncor ignimbrite extended as much as 27 kilometres (17mi) west from the volcano,[47] 10 kilometres (6.2mi) north and 15 kilometres (9.3mi) south. Hikers were near the crater and took video of the eruption. [31] Larger particles fell closer to the volcano, while smaller particles were carried farther. Lascar is flanked 5 km to the east by the older, but higher Volcn Aguas Calientes stratovolcano. [72], Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are also released in large amounts, with estimates made in 20032004 indicating a mass flux of 340,000,000 kilograms per year (11kg/s) and 150,000,000 kilograms per year (4.8kg/s) respectively. [140], The lava domes interacted with glaciers, resulting in the formation of a glacier run whose deposits are found as far as 10 kilometres (6.2mi) from the volcano. [47] Lava flows from this stage have thicknesses of 2060 metres (66197ft) and lengths reaching 5 kilometres (3.1mi). [129] Lava bombs with diameters of up to 1.5 metres (4ft 11in) were hurled as far as 4 kilometres (2.5mi) from the crater, presumably as a consequence of the lava dome exploding. [54] These formations are not visible in the Lascar area, but they crop out close to the Salar de Atacama. [34] Yet another eruption sequence occurred between 1959 and 1969. [100] Trace elements include arsenic, boron and titanium, with smaller amounts of barium, chromium, copper, lead, strontium and zinc. [178] The first pyroclastic flow was observed around 10:12 on 19 April. [246], The area around Lascar is one of the driest and highest volcanic settings in the world. [44] The end of glaciation may have accompanied an increase in volcanic activity, a phenomenon that has been noted at other volcanoes. [140] The Soncor magmas were associated with a volatile phase that underwent extensive interaction with the future eruption products. A convergent boundary. [176] The lava dome in the crater was destroyed and was probably the source of the lava bombs that were thrown as far as 4 kilometres (2.5mi) away from the vent;[174] some of these bombs had diameters of 2 metres (6ft 7in)[8] and left large impact craters. Test. [143] The deposits are formed by a Plinian fallout deposit and an ignimbrite rich in lithics. [249] 8,500 years ago, the climate in the region became much drier, and the amount of erosion decreased substantially. [53] The oldest mafic andesites are less than 43,000 years old, while the Chaile and Saltar pyroclastic flows erupted over 26,500 years ago. Research has indicated peculiar patterns, including so called "rapid-fire" events on a background of continuous activity,[232] as well as the occurrence of long-period earthquakes; here and in other volcanoes, this kind of seismic activity is associated with intense fumarolic activity that occurs in the absence of outright eruptions. A stratovolcano within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, The Lascar volcano, seen from the Chaxas lagoon on the Gran Salar. Lascar Volcano Volcanic Ash Advisory: ISOLATED PUFF AT 1545 to 27000 ft (8200 m) Thu, 3 Feb 2022, 00:26 Lascar (Chile) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 26 January-1 February 2022 (NEW) SERNAGEOMIN reported minor increases in surficial activity at Lscar. [116] The release of gas by the magma is favoured by strong temperature contrasts between incoming magma and the magma chamber,[94] and processes occurring during the mixing may explain the high emission of sulfur dioxide by Lascar. [209], The eruption record at Lascar becomes more irregular after the 1993 eruption. On the western slope, it buries the even older Piedras Grandes flow, which crops out only at the margins of the Soncor flow. What makes an effective presentation + effective presentation strategies Aug. 12, 2022 [85] The overall magma supply rate of Lascar is 0.020.03 cubic metres per second (0.711.06cuft/s). The large eruption gave rise to a pyroclastic flow that extended 27 kilometres (17mi) westward and contained breccia and various magmas. [60] This eruption was the last effusive eruption of Lascar, when later lava domes are excluded. [6][29] Guallatiri, for example, features fumarolic activity that is visible in satellite images. [110] There are temporal variations in the output: after a decrease in 2009, sulfur output increased in 2012, probably as a consequence of the arrival of new magma at depth. Lascar is located close to the Atacama Desert, one of the world's driest deserts. [67], A major Plinian eruption occurred 26,450 500 years ago,[137] releasing 1015 cubic kilometres (2.43.6cumi) of ejecta, both volcanic ash and pyroclastic flows. [157][53] This flow extends 8 kilometres (5.0mi) northwest and is 2030 metres (6698ft) thick. It is the most active volcano in the region, with records of eruptions going back to 1848. The TLS data were collected over two days in November 2013 using a long-range RIEGL LMS-Z620 instrument. Many of these volcanoes are covered by snow and ice. Images of Lascar and neighbouring volcanoes, Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south, Observatorio Volcanolgico de los Andes del Sur, San Pedro de AtacamaPaso de JamaJujuy international road, Reporte Especial de Actividad Volcnica Regin de Antofagasta, 10 de diciembre de 2022, 17:30 (horario local), "Vestigios arqueolgicos incaicos en las cumbres de la zona atacamea", "Ritualidad y Extractivismo: La Limpia de Canales y las Disputas Por el Agua en el Salar de Atacama-Norte de Chile", "Contributions of anthropogenic and natural sources of sulfur to SO, "Volcanic gas emissions and degassing dynamics at Ubinas and Sabancaya volcanoes; implications for the volatile budget of the central volcanic zone", "Corrigendum to "Gas and aerosol emissions from Lascar volcano (Northern Chile): Insights into the origin of gases and their links with the volcanic activity" [J. Volcanol. The case of June 13th, 2015 Ojos del Salado false volcanic eruption", "Trends in the nonvolcanic component of stratospheric aerosol over the period 19712004", "Identificacin de fases portadoras y flujos de mercurio en el registro sedimentario de la Laguna del Plata, regin central de Argentina", "SERNAGEOMIN da a conocer nuevo ranking de volcanes", "Red Nacional de Vigilancia Volcnica de Chile", "El riesgo de desastres en la planificacin del territorio", Ministry of Federal Planning, Public Investment and Services, "How will melting of ice affect volcanic hazards in the twenty-first century? [112] Sulfur is released from areas all over the cone, resulting in a noticeable sulfur smell. Explosive activity presumably occurs when gases can no longer escape. [99], There are high-temperature fumaroles (temperatures equal to or exceeding 150C (302F)) and low-temperature fumaroles (temperatures of less than 82C (180F)), with noticeable chemical differences between the two; the latter tend to emit far more water than carbon dioxide. [227] Such ash falls could potentially hit the towns of San Pedro de Atacama, Talabre and Toconao as well as the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, the San Pedro de AtacamaPaso de JamaJujuy international road[240] and the Sico Pass. Glowing was also reported in October and November 2013. The Lascar Volcano is an active andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano that consists of an elongate series of six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center of this cluster. [80] The magma interacts with former salar deposits before ascending. Other minerals include anhydrite,[57] augite, plagioclase[33] which is also the dominant phenocryst phase in Lascar rocks,[76] apatite, ilmenite, magnetite, olivine, orthopyroxene, phyrrotite, quartz, rhyolite in the groundmass, and spinel in inclusions. [239] Past eruptions caused ash fall in Argentina and disruption of air travel[241] and could have major effects in the Salta Province in case of renewed activity. [134], Later volcanic activity buried this edifice beneath thin pyroclastic flows. The southeastern slopes drain into Laguna Leja[9] which is close to the volcano,[48] and the northwestern slope drains through the Quebrada de Morro Blanco. Explosive eruptions are the greatest hazard at Lascar. Lascar is a stratovolcano in Chile within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a volcanic arc that spans Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes. [194], The flows were strongly erosive, extracting rocks and material from the bedrock, even far away from the vent. Lascar vulcano. [89] There appear to be two distinct chamber systems, an andesitic one that is responsible for the frequent andesite lava and pyroclastic flow activity, and a dacitic one that was involved in the Piedras Grandes and Soncor activities. [220], Further activity occurred in May 2005, with a 810-kilometre-high (5.06.2mi) ash cloud, and in April 2006. [128] The towns of Tumbres and Talabre may be affected by pyroclastic flows, and ash falls can occur east of the volcano. [227] Precipitation at Lascar is about 50100 millimetres per year (2.03.9in/year) and consists mostly of snow. It is composed of two separate cones with several summit craters. Four eruptions occurred at 15:20, 17:22, 19:00 and 21:00 UTC, forming eruption columns reaching altitudes of 10 kilometres (6.2mi). [128][47] Most present-day activity consists of the release of fumarolic gas with additional vulcanian activity that generates eruption columns several kilometres high,[129] typically every three or two years[128] and half of the time during austral spring[7] as well as active deformation of the three active craters observed in interferometric synthetic-aperture radar. [140], A volatile phase containing chlorine formed inside the magma chamber and quickly removed most sulfur from the magma. [57] Recorded eruptions occurred in 1858, 1875, 18831885, 18981900(?) [59], Layers of lava and pyroclastics are discernible in the craters. [74], Lascar rocks consist of andesite and dacite. [54] Six craters are located on the volcano,[29] but sometimes only five craters are counted, in which case the central crater is considered to be the active one. [132] Temperatures have been estimated to be 7401,060C (1,3601,940F) for the andesite and 1,1301,220C (2,0702,230F) for the basaltic andesite. [81], Magma erupted by Lascar appears to form from the mixing of mafic and more evolved magmas; the 1993 eruption deposits contain bands of different rocks. [90], Temperatures of the magma chamber range from 890970C (1,6301,780F); the mafic magmas that are injected in the chamber are about 150200C (270360F) hotter than the extant andesite and dacite. Minerals encountered in xenoliths include andradite, anhydrite, anorthite, apatite, biotite, calcite, diopside, fassaite, garnet, gypsum, ilmenite, magnetite, monazite, orthopyroxene, perovskite, plagioclase, prehnite, quartz, sphene, thorite, wilkeite, wollastonite and zircon. [168] The temperatures of the lava dome can reach 148367C (298693F). Plate tectonics has an influence on every part of the world. This information was summarized from Smithsonian Institution's Preliminary Notices of Volcanic Activity. [10] Unlike the neighbouring volcanoes Acamarachi, Licancabur and Quimal, there is no evidence of archeological sites on Lascar,[11] possibly because of the volcanic activity. Why It Matters: Science of Geology 2. [54], Large lava flows are noticeable on the flanks of the volcano,[34] with a total of eight lava flows recognized. [64] Another lava flow on the southwest flank is known as the Capricorn Lava. [132], Lava flows less than 50 metres (160ft) thick issued from the stage I cone and reached lengths of 16 kilometres (9.9mi). [44] East of Lascar lies the La Pacana caldera. The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993, . [15] Volcanic centres include calderas and associated large ignimbrites, lava domes and stratovolcanoes;[21] among the better-researched volcanoes are Galan, Nevados de Payachata, Ollague, Purico Complex, San PedroSan Pablo, La Pacana, Tata Sabaya and Tumisa. [54] Exposures of the basement are often delimited by faults. [139] The magmas were formed from a remelted proto-pluton that had been heated and resupplied with volatiles by mafic magmas. [250], Temperatures in the surrounding region range between 25 and 40C (13 and 104F). Stato attuale: normal or dormant (1 di 5) Last update: 3 feb 2022 (Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report) Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes.
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